Biography of Frank Sinatra, Legendary Singer

Frank Sinatra (December 12, 1915–May 14, 1998), known for his smooth, heartfelt voice during the â€Å"crooner-swooner† era, started performing in 1935 as the singer of a four-piece band in Hoboken, New Jersey. Between 1940 and 1943 he recorded 23 top-10 singles and reached the top position of the male-singer polls in Billboard and Downbeat  magazines. Sinatra went on to become a successful movie star, winning the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for  From Here to Eternity  (1953). He was popular as a man’s man—he dressed in elegant suits but was known for his legendary temper and stubbornness—while singing romantic songs that made women swoon. Fast Facts: Frank Sinatra Known For: A smooth-voiced crooner who sold millions of records, won nearly a dozen Grammys, and appeared in numerous filmsAlso Known As: Francis Albert Sinatra, The Voice, Ol’ Blue Eyes, Chairman of the Board, Ol Blue EyesBorn: December 12, 1915 in Hoboken, New JerseyParents: Antonino Martino Sinatra, Natalina GaraventaDied: May 14, 1998 in Los Angeles, CaliforniaAlbums: The Voice of Frank Sinatra  (1946), Thats Life  (1966), Strangers in the Night (1966), My Way (1969)Films: From Here to Eternity, Pal Joey, Guys and Dolls, On the Town, Oceans Eleven, The Manchurian Candidate, Rosemarys BabyAwards and Honors: Presidential Medal of Freedom  (1985), Grammy Legend Award, the  Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, Academy Award, Best Supporting Actor (1953)Spouse(s): Nancy Barbato (m.  1939–1951), Ava Gardner (m.  1951–1957), Mia Farrow (m.  1966–1968), Barbara Marx (m.  1976–1998)Children: Nancy, Frank Jr., Tina SinatraNotable Quote: The biggest lesson in life, baby, is never be scared of anyone or anything. Early Years Born in Hoboken, New Jersey on December 12, 1915, Francis Albert Sinatra was of Italian-Sicilian descent. Being a 13.5-pound baby, the doctor forcefully brought him into the world by forceps, causing major damage to one of his eardrums—which would later make him exempt from entering the army during World War II. Thinking the baby was dead, the doctor set him aside. Sinatra’s grandmother scooped him up and held him under cold running tap water at the sink. The baby gasped, cried, and lived. Frank Sinatra’s father Anthony Martin Sinatra was a Hoboken fireman, while his mother Natalie Della â€Å"Dolly† Sinatra (neà © Gavarante) was a midwife/abortionist and political activist for women’s rights. While Sinatra’s father was quiet, Dolly overwhelmed her son with love as well as her quick temper. She sang in the Italian bel canto style at family gatherings while her son sang along. Sinatra also sang tunes he heard on the radio; his idol was crooner Bing Crosby. During high school, Sinatra took his first girlfriend, Nancy Barbato, to see Bing Crosby perform live in New Jersey, an event that greatly inspired him. Nancy believed in her boyfriend’s dream to sing. While Sinatras parents wanted their only child to graduate from high school and go to college to become an engineer, their son dropped out of high school and tried his luck as a singer. To his parents’ dismay, Sinatra worked various jobs (including plastering walls for Nancy’s father) during the day and sang at Democratic Party meetings of the Hoboken Sicilian-Cultural League, local nightclubs, and roadhouses at night. Radio Contest Winner In 1935, the 19-year-old Sinatra joined with three other local musicians, known as The Three Flashes, and auditioned to appear on Major Edward Bowes’ popular radio program, The Amateur Hour. The four musicians, now called The Hoboken Four, were accepted and appeared on the show on September 8, 1935, singing Mills Brothers’ song â€Å"Shine.† Their performance was so popular that 40,000 people called in their approval. With such a high approval rating, Major Bowes added the Hoboken Four to one of his amateur groups that toured the nation giving live shows. Performing at local theaters and for national radio audiences in late 1935, Sinatra upset the other band members by receiving the most attention. Homesick and rejected by the other band members, Sinatra left the band by spring 1936, returning home to live with his parents. Back home in New Jersey, Sinatra sang at Irish political rallies, Elks Club meetings, and Italian weddings in Hoboken. Desperate to break out of small-time gigs, Sinatra took the ferry into Manhattan and persuaded WNEW radio management to give him a try. They worked him into 18 spots per week. Sinatra hired a New York voice coach named John Quinlan for diction and voice lessons to help him lose his Jersey accent. In 1938, Sinatra became a singing waiter and master of ceremonies at the Rustic Cabin, a roadhouse near Alpine, New Jersey, for $15 per week. Every night the show was broadcast on the WNEW Dance Parade radio show. Women were becoming attracted to Sinatra for his way of communicating vulnerability on stage, not to mention his blue eyes that would focus on one girl then another. After Sinatra was arrested on a morals charge (a woman accused him of breach of promise) and the case was dismissed in court, Dolly told her son to marry Nancy, whom she thought would be good for him. Sinatra married Nancy on February 4, 1939. While Nancy worked as a secretary, Sinatra continued to sing at the Rustic Cabin and also on WNEWs five-day-weekly radio show Blue Moon. Cuts a Record In June 1939, Harry James of the Harry James Orchestra heard Sinatra singing on the radio and went to listen to him at the Rustic Cabin. Sinatra signed a two-year contract with James at $75 per week. The band played at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan and toured the East. In July 1939, Sinatra recorded â€Å"From the Bottom of My Heart,† which didn’t hit the charts, but the following month he recorded â€Å"All or Nothing at All,† which became a major hit. The Tommy Dorsey Orchestra was soon upstaging the Harry James Orchestra and Sinatra learned that Tommy Dorsey wanted to sign him. At the beginning of 1940, per Sinatra’s request to leave, Harry James graciously tore up Sinatra’s contract. At the age of 24, Sinatra was singing with the top big band in the nation. In June 1940, Sinatra was singing in Hollywood when his first child, Nancy Sinatra, was born in New Jersey. By the end of the year he had recorded 40 more singles, was touring the nation, singing on radio shows, and had appeared in Las Vegas Nights (1941), a feature-length movie featuring the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra in which Sinatra sang, â€Å"I’ll Never Smile Again† (another major hit). In May 1941, Billboard named Sinatra top male vocalist of the year. Goes Solo In 1942, Sinatra requested to leave the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra to pursue a solo career; however, Dorsey was not as forgiving as Harry James had been. The contract stipulated that Dorsey would be given one-third of Sinatra’s earnings as long as Sinatra was in the entertainment industry. Sinatra hired lawyers who represented the American Federation of Radio Artists to get him out of the contract. The lawyers threatened Dorsey with the cancellation of his NBC broadcasts. Dorsey was persuaded to take $75,000 to let Sinatra go. Embarking on his solo career, Sinatra was welcomed by the screams of 5,000 swooning â€Å"bobby-soxers† (the term for teenage girls of that era) at New York City’s Paramount Theater on December 30, 1942 (shattering Bing Crosby’s attendance record).  Billed as â€Å"The Voice That Has Thrilled Millions,† his original two-week engagement was extended for eight additional weeks. Nicknamed â€Å"The Voice† by his new PR agent George B. Evans, Sinatra signed with Columbia Records in 1943. Signs Contract for Film Career In 1944, Sinatra started his film career with RKO studios. Wife Nancy gave birth to son Frank Jr. and the family moved to the West Coast. Sinatra appeared in Higher and Higher (1943) and Step Lively (1944). Louis B. Mayer bought his contract and Sinatra moved to MGM. The following year, Sinatra co-starred in Anchors Aweigh (1945) with Gene Kelly. He also starred in a short film on racial and religious tolerance titled, The House I Live In (1945), which won him an Honorary Academy Award in 1946. Also in 1946, Sinatra released his first studio album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, and embarked on a cross-country tour. But in 1948, Sinatra’s popularity slumped due to rumors of an affair with Marilyn Maxwell, womanizing, a violent temper, and an association with the mob (which would always haunt him despite his denials). That same year, Sinatra’s daughter Christina was born. Career Slump and Rebound On February 14, 1950, Nancy Sinatra announced they were splitting due to her husband’s affair with actress Ava Gardner, resulting in more bad publicity. On April 26, 1950, Sinatra hemorrhaged his vocal cords on stage at the Copacabana. After his voice healed, Sinatra sang at the London Palladium accompanied by Gardner, whom he married in 1951. Things continued to go downhill for Sinatra when he was let go from MGM (due to adverse publicity), received some bad reviews on his latest records, and had his TV show canceled. It seemed to many that Sinatra’s popularity had waned and that he was a â€Å"has-been.† Down and out, Sinatra kept busy by hosting a couple of weekly radio shows and becoming a performer at the Desert Inn in the small desert town of Las Vegas. Sinatra’s marriage to Gardner was a passionate but stormy one and didn’t last long. With Sinatra’s career in a tailspin and Gardner’s career on the rise, the Sinatra-Gardner marriage ended when they separated in 1953 (the final divorce occurred in 1957). However, the two remained lifelong friends. Luckily for Sinatra, Gardner was able to help get him an audition for a major role in From Here to Eternity (1953), for which Sinatra not only got the part but also received the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. The Oscar was a major career comeback for Sinatra. After a five-year career slump, Sinatra suddenly found himself in demand again. He signed a contract with Capitol Records and recorded â€Å"Fly Me to the Moon,† a major hit. He accepted a multi-million-dollar TV contract from NBC. In 1957, Sinatra signed with Paramount Studios and starred in Joker Is Wild (1957) to critical acclaim. A year later, Sinatra’s Come Fly With Me album reached No. 1 on the Billboard album chart and remained there for five weeks. The Rat Pack Once again popular, Sinatra didn’t turn his back on Las Vegas, which had welcomed him with open arms when everyone else had dejected him. By continuing to perform in Las Vegas, Sinatra brought in legions of tourists who came to see him and his movie-star friends (especially the Rat Pack) who would often come visit him on stage. The main members of the Rat Pack of the 1960s consisted of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford. The Rat Pack appeared (sometimes randomly together) on stage at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas; their sole purpose was to sing, dance, and roast each other on stage, creating excitement for tourists. Sinatra was nicknamed â€Å"Chairman of the Board† by his buddies. The Rat Pack starred in Ocean’s Eleven (1960), which was popular with the public. Sinatra starred in The Manchurian Candidate (1962), perhaps his best movie. It was withheld from complete distribution due to President John F. Kennedys assassination. In 1966, Sinatra recorded Strangers in the Night. The album was No. 1 for 73 weeks, with the title song receiving four Grammys. That same year, Sinatra married a 21-year-old soap-opera actress named Mia Farrow; however, the marriage ended after 16 months. Sinatra had apparently asked his wife to co-star with him in a movie called The Detective, but when filming overlapped for another movie she was starring in (and remained committed to), Rosemary’s Baby, Sinatra had her served with divorce papers. In 1969, Sinatra recorded â€Å"My Way,† which became his signature song. Retirement In 1971, Sinatra announced his (short-lived) retirement. By 1973 he was back in the studio recording his Ol’ Blue Eyes Is Back album. The following year, he returned to Las Vegas and performed at Caesar’s Palace. In 1976 he married Barbara Marx, his neighbor in Palm Springs who had been a Las Vegas showgirl married to Zeppo Marx; they remained married for the rest of Sinatra’s life. She toured with him worldwide and together they raised hundreds of millions of dollars for charities. Death In 1994, Sinatra performed his final public concert and was awarded the Legend Award at the 1994 Grammys. He made no further public appearances after suffering a heart attack in January 1997. On May 14, 1998, Sinatra died at the age of 82 in Los Angeles. Legacy Sinatra sold over 250 million records worldwide, received 11 Grammy Awards, and starred in 60 motion pictures during his career of seven decades. His influence on the music business remains undiminished, as his records continue to sell. Many of the films in which he appeared are considered classics, and a number have been remade. The Rat Pack and his songs such as My Way are still fused into the cultural fabric of the U.S. He lived a full life, about which countless books have been written. Mention his name today and he is still remembered as Ol Blue Eyes, a soulful crooner who certainly lived his life his way. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Frank Sinatra.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Jan. 2019.Moore, Jeffrey I. â€Å"Frank Sinatra Quotes About Life, Love and New York.†Ã‚  Everyday Power Blog, Everyday Power Blog, 31 Jan. 2019.Staff, Legacy. â€Å"Frank Sinatra Did It His Way.†Ã‚  Legacy.com, Legacy.com, 7 June 2018.

Same Sex Marriages Should be Legal Essay - 824 Words

Same Sex Marriages Should be Legal Flowers, candles, and music are all part of a wedding. As the organist plays Here Comes the Bride, I notice this is where the similarities end. The bride, who is a woman, is marrying a groom, who is also a woman. Single-sex marriages are only allowed in a few states. However, single-sex marriages should become legal so that couples could enjoy the advantages of marriage. Legalizing single-sex marriage would create more family units and create more tolerance from society, allowing single-sex couples a legal way of expressing their love to each other. One of the major complaints of heterosexuals against homosexuals is that homosexuals are involved in many sexual relationships instead of a†¦show more content†¦Second, so many children grow up with a single parent and never see the interaction of a couple at home. Although maybe not the perfect family by societal expectations, which is a man and a woman, a same-sex couple would form a family unit. Therefore, the children would be loved and nurtured by two adults instead of one adult who is usually stressed out trying to be the sole provider. Tina, a single parent of two children, fell in love with Belinda in 1987. Belinda and Tina moved in together and raised Tinas children until the children left for college. The children, Dusty and Summer, received twice the amount of love than if Tina had remained alone. Also Dusty and Summer grew up watching the interactions of two adults. A unique family unit is created by two people of the same sex living together; however, many more children could benefit from the increase in family units if these same-sex marriages were allowed. While creating family units, same-sex marriage would also decrease the freedom of going from one relationship to another relationship by forming these units. Finally, what is the foundation of all marriages? It is what we humans call love. Love is the reason we create that one monogamous relationship. Love is the reason we want to raise a family together. Love is the reason marriage exists at all. Sheila and Annette, my friends I spoke of earlier, have been together for twenty-five years now. If they were allowed to be married, society would beShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. 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Those words historically indicate that until the death of a spouse, that couple shall remain together. Who should be able to determine whom that spouse is for that person? Some people judge others for their sexuality and how it is affecting them, but they never stop andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal998 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage ought to be legalized on the grounds that it is uncivilized and unmerited. Marriage is a commitment between two people that cherish one another. In almost every country and culture, marriage is a commitment of loyalty and love. Marriage is an authority contract gathering two individuals together, furnishing them with profits of holy matrimony such as tax cuts and clinical privileges. The debate throughout most countries today is whether or not the rights of these profits and commitmentsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1659 Words   |  7 Pages Same-sex couples can hardly remember a time where they were not fighting for their right to marriage in the United States. After several court cases, California Proposition Six, and their struggle against the Defens e of Marriage Act (DOMA), same-sex couples found their way into U.S. society. Many misguided studies appealed to those opposing same-sex marriage, but after several years of integrating in society, same-sex couples found the support they were looking for. 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The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

Fan, Ying Branding the Nation What Is Being Branded Free Essays

Fan, Ying : Branding the nation: What is being branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing Volume 12 Number 1. 2005 p. 4-13 Abstract: The paper by Fan explains what nation branding is. We will write a custom essay sample on Fan, Ying : Branding the Nation: What Is Being Branded? or any similar topic only for you Order Now So first the difference between Nation branding and Nation brand is explained. Every Nation has a certain image with or without Nation branding. It examines the concept of nation branding, focusing especially on the question of what is being branded. The paper tries to explain what nation branding is and tries to explain the differences between on the one hand nation branding and product branding and on the other hand nation branding and product- country image. Furthermore it discusses paradoxical issues of nation branding and tries to give a broader context in which nation branding can be applied. But to find out how nation branding could help economic development in a country , more research is needed. It is hard to say how important the role of nation branding really is. Key Words: ation branding, country branding, country-of-origin effect, product- country image, place marketing The author: The paper is written by Ying Fan a senior lecturer at Brunel Business School, Brunel University in London. Dr Fan has held faculty positions at the universities of Lincoln, Hertfordshire and Durham. His research interests surround branding and marketing communications, and cross-cultural management issues. Topic: Branding the nation: What is being branded? The major topic of the paper is what nation branding is and what the purpose of nation branding is. Research question : What is being branded? Is a nation brand a separate entity, or an element in the product brand? What is the direction of the correlation between countries that have produced strong brands and those that are strong brands themselves ? Method : The research method is a literary analysis Material and Structure of the paper: On the first page of his paper contact informations, informations on the author including a photo of Fan are given. An Abstract sums up the Keywords and gives an overview over the article. All in all the paper of Fan is 9 pages long and is structured in the chapters: Introduction What is Nation Branding? What is being branded? Nation branding and product branding Nation brand image and product-country image Paradoxes The broader context For a further understanding Fan gives 3 Tables: Terms used in the literature ; Examples of nation branding where he gives 5 examples and explains what is being branded and a table on Comparison between nation branding and product branding . In his paper Fan makes indirect citations which are listed in the references. Here the references are ordered by appearance in the text not alphabetically. The paper is easy to read and understand, it gives a good overview of the topic nation branding. The structure is easy to follow. The paper is anonymously refereed. Finding of the article : The author points out that there is no single definition on nation branding but gives a working definition for the paper: ‘Nation branding concerns applying branding and marketing communications techniques to promote a nation’s image. Nation branding can be used in different ways: using the nation’s image to promote sales and exports ; place branding which is part of tourism marketing ; political marketing for example the expression â€Å"axis of evil†; Nation branding in it’s true sense like Cool Britannia. The author points out that a nation is not a product in the conventional sense . The Nation itself can hardly be changed, the benefits are purely emotional, the Image is complicated and the ownership is unclear. A nation brand is not centered on any specific product, service or cause that can be promoted directly to the customer. But Nation branding concerns a countries whole image, covering political, economic, historical and cultural dimensions. A Nation has not one but multiple images. What image is retrieved depends on the audience , the context and the time. The author finds out that negative national image does not necessarily affect the purchase of products made by that country, by giving the example of Japan and China. The author tries to find out the direction of the correlation between countries that have produced strong brands and those that are strong brands themselves . Nation branding must be distinctive and help the country to position itself against competitors . A difficulty is that an international audience have a different degree of knowledge of a nation and each country has different cultural values, thus decodes the message differently. Nation branding often try to communicate a single image or message to different audiences in different countries . This renders for the author the message meaningless, but to try to be all things to all people will in the opinion of the author inevitably fail . What is the message a nation wants to send, give up a old but unique image in favor of the new image. This can fail like for example â€Å"Cool Britannia† did. Another difficulty in nation branding is that a national identity is very difficult to define. Furthermore in nation branding, an understanding of the customers’ existing perception of the nation is very important. A certain image is made over time. Another important aspect of nation branding is the internal audience. The author points out that Nation branding is just one part of a marketing strategy which is part of the business strategy and that often nation branding is overestimated even if it is a powerful tool. It is for example not sufficient for the country to promote its image enthusiastically to other nations if the economic basis for the nation brand is not there or the political situation is unstable. The image problem of a region or nation most often results from political and socio-economic troubles which must be solved, nation branding will not solve a country’s problems but only serves as the final touch . How to cite Fan, Ying : Branding the Nation: What Is Being Branded?, Papers

Arts and ethics Essay Example For Students

Arts and ethics Essay What is meant by truth? Is it simply a synonym for reality, or a concept much more profound? Generally a dictionary would denote truth as something approximating to an established fact that corroborates with actuality. But does this definition interpret differently with context? Does truth refer to the same thing in a mathematical perspective as it does in arts or ethics?  When attempting to answer, or at least approach, this question, an important issue to consider is the idea of subjectivity; while truth should correspond with reality, does that reality itself hold regardless of individual outlook? And if it does not, are the facts that are held to be true really so? In that regard, the areas of mathematics, arts, and ethics are of particular interest. This is due to the variety in the methods (or ways of knowing) applied to acquire knowledge in them. The way of knowing most commonly associated with mathematics is reason, which makes sense since knowledge in mathematics is acquired through calculation and deliberate thought, where given facts are juxtaposed to reveal more implied realities. For arts, on the other hand, an individual uses their sense perceptions to absorb a given piece of art, and use their emotions to reflect upon and interpret it. The third and last region of study, ethics, is defined as the study of rules and values that determine what is right and what is wrong. Mathematics is defined as the study of the logic within quantity, shape, and arrangement. As such the knowledge in mathematics is acquired through calculation and deliberate thought, where given facts are juxtaposed to reveal more implied realities. With a given mathematical problem, there exists a definite solution that does not vary with the approach. Due to the very nature of the subject, every arithmetic approach to a problem would amount to the same thing as logic dictates it to be so when it comes to concrete numbers and values. Hence, the solutions to one such problem cannot vary between the individuals who pursue it, regardless of the difference in their respective train of thought. This means that different people with vastly different experiences or ideas will all attain an identical conclusion, given of course that they all accurately carry out the corresponding calculations. Knowing this, it can be said that the reality of mathematics is therefore constant for each equation or statement. And since the reality does not vary with individual perspective, it is also not subjective. This being established, it can then also be said that the truth within mathematics is, itself, objective and concrete, and cannot be shaped or held from any angle to convey a given picture. Art, on the other hand, is all about pictures and angles. Art has proven itself to be difficult to define over the years, with people proclaiming what appear to most as random acts to be art. Art is meant to be a medium of expression where the artist conveys certain emotions or ideas by stimulating one or more of the senses. The viewer, critic, or any other part of the appreciative audience would then interpret the work of art, allowing the picture painted (so to speak) to trigger sentiments appropriate to the colors, sounds, or even smells to that individual. But a source of controversy arises from the fact that art is often unintentional, meaning that a given work may be taken to be a work of art by a given audience even without corresponding intent from the artist. A car, for example, is for most people a very useful and convenient device. However, for some it can be a work of art, one that sparks thoughts and emotions through the aesthetics of its shape and design. Of course, this means that the interpretation of the audience can differ from the intention (if any) of the artist. Hence, a single piece of art has as many potential interpretations as it does critics, making its reality highly subjective. Thus the truth pertaining to a piece of art can also differ from individual to individual. However the intent of the artist cannot be denied as the purpose of a creation is determined by the creator himself; how well it does in that end is then dependent on the perspective, or taste, of the audience. .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .postImageUrl , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:hover , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:visited , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:active { border:0!important; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:active , .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua870a780f6b2df5645ea9565bb41daaf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Online Food Catering EssayBut the aforementioned point about subjectivity would imply that it is virtually impossible for the artists intent to match the critique a problem that is somewhat extinguished by the establishment of styles within various forms of art. These styles are basically systematic forms of bias that act somewhat as a language for a particular work of art: different styles have different common traditions, such as abstract painting as opposed to a portrait, or modernist as opposed to feminist literature. If a critic knows the style employed by the artist, he or she can then evaluate the use of the principles and the limitations of that style and understand the meaning behind the work, almost like using an accepted mathematical equation to solve a complex problem. While this analogy sounds too mechanical to be altogether associated with artistic values, the fact remains that even within the traditions of art an artist has a vast amount of freedom due to the sheer number of possible stimuli for each of the senses. As such it can then be said that truth in art is only objective with consideration to the artists intent in making it, beyond which it has an unlimited scope. And even within the artists rationale, there exists an undeniable aspect of imagination and creativity that adds a dimension of ambiguity. A more complex case study is the area of ethics, which is defined as a philosophical study of moral values and rules, along with the very standards that distinguish between right and wrong. It is no surprise that ethics is a particularly difficult subject to analyse, for after all, the majority of the human population still struggles with questions of right and wrong, and will probably continue to do so. The general moral dilemma of mankind us caused by the very diversity that we cherish. The variety of cultures and beliefs on our planet lead to lifestyles that are vastly different on numerous levels. As a result, social norms and traditions vary drastically over physical or geographic distances. And the world itself is testimony to the fact that such differences inevitably give rise to misunderstandings which, more often than not, give people an excuse for war. But despite the presence of misconceptions, the fact remains that every society has a slightly different perspective on morals. Inevitably, this makes it extremely difficult to establish concrete truths, as an act deemed morally benign in one culture could easily be held as the equivalent of a sin in another. The most commonly debated example of this would the difference in various cultures` outlooks towards sex before marriage. In the general south-east asian region for example, any young man or woman engaging in sexual activity before marriage is nothing short of scandalous. Of course in the Western world, social reaction towards such a thing is negligible by comparison. But for something like casual violence on children the binary of reactions is reversed. However, despite these obvious differences, some notions are perceived by all cultures to be equally heinous, such as murder, proving that the majority of the world`s population holds the value of a human life in more or less equal regard. Knowing this, it can also be said that the truth in ethics is highly subjective with the exception of some fundamental values inherent in all human beings, allowing in us all a common sense of right and wrong. It is clear from previous statements that the definition of truth, despite common habits, cannot be taken for granted. It has been established that mathematics as a science consists of concrete, indisputable facts that are realized through reason. The logically grounded nature of math ensures that all truths in it are objective and cannot differ with perspective as there is simple no room for bias. Truth in arts, on the other hand, is highly dependent on the sensory intake and the emotional reasoning of the artist and, to lesser extent, that of the audience. The ambiguous nature of art results in a correspondingly vague definition of truth as there are no concrete facts available for corroboration. .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .postImageUrl , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:hover , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:visited , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:active { border:0!important; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:active , .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89aec5364c8fe75463f6d69f61ddb89b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and JulietWest Side Story EssayMoral values hand found themselves to vary from culture to culture, from continent to continent, with various communities having dramatically different ideas with respect to right and wrong. This leads to the truth in ethics being highly but not completely subjective so as most cultures agree on the atrocious nature of murder and the immeasurable value of a human life. Taking these factors into consideration, it can be concluded that truth does indeed largely differ between the areas of mathematics, arts, and ethics.

American Sport History free essay sample

This paper discusses the history of certain sporting events from colonial times until the Civil War. This paper examines the phenomenon of American sporting culture beginning as far back as the early immigrants who settled in the New World. The author discusses how sports in the United States has progressively taken over a large part of the American psyche, showing insight into U.S. society and culture. The paper includes a discussion of collegiate sports, and women?s sporting events. From the Paper: Overall, sport in America has risen to an almost unrivaled status in American society. To look at American history or culture forces one to take notice that sport has developed hand in had with our society and shaped us into what we are today.

The Book of Job- Theological issues and doubts through each verse.

The Book of Job- Theological issues and doubts through each verse. JOB.This is a book that deals with good and evil and yet fails to mention once a reward or punishment in the afterlife. This is probably a gentile book translated for a Hebrew audience; Job does not know the Israelite name for Yahweh and he himself comes from northern Arabia. The whole purpose of the book apparently is to explain the cause of suffering, and yet it gives no answer at all. Sometimes it is to punish sins. Sometimes it is to warn others not to sin. Sometimes, as in the case of Job, there is no damn reason at all. All we are told after asking tonnes of valid theosophical questions is not to bother asking.i.6-12: Satan is presented here literally as Yahweh's right-hand man who works for him.Gods and sodasi.7: God asks where Satan has been lately (apparently God didn't know), and Satan answered saying, From walking to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down on it, a verse which would later inspire Mark Twain's Letters From the Earth. This is in fact later contrad icted in xxxiv.22.i.6: Again, who are these sons of God? Jesus therefore isn't the only one.i.7: Why would God ask Satan Whence comest thou if he's omniscient?i.7-12: God is voluntarily allowing himself to be tempted by Satan and permits the completely unjustified and undeserved calamities to fall upon the faithful Job as well as giving Satan everything Job owns.i.21: Instead of the Lord it should refer instead to Mother Earth.ii.1: Another reference to the sons of God.ii.3-7: God permits Satan to torment Job, just to see his reaction.iii.9: Rather than dawning of the day, it should read instead the eyelids of the morning.iv.18: Apparently even Yahweh's own angels...

Child Abuse in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Abuse in America - Research Paper Example Most of the children go through various forms of domestic abuse but are unable to complain due to lack of awareness and overdependence. In other parts of the world especially in Africa, child abuse is associated with human trafficking and child labor. Effects of child abuse and neglect are many. They range from short term to long-term consequences. Children going through abuse are more likely to be antisocial and depict behavior related to those who abuse them. Child abuse can take many facets including emotional, physical, sexual, and neglect. Effects of child abuse affects children later in life. This paper seeks to discuss child abuse in America. In America in 1997, over three million children were reported to child agencies for undergoing abuse or neglect (National Child Abuse Statistics Web). This number continues to rise. Fifteen out of a 1000 children are abused yearly in America (National Child Abuse Statistics Web). At the same time in 1996, over a thousand children died due to neglect and abuse (National Child Abuse Statistics Web). According to child protective service in America, neglect is the most likely form of child abuse. This is followed by physical abuse, while sexual abuse takes third place. Other forms of abuse appear to be minimal in America (National Child Abuse Statistics Web). Parents contribute significant number of those whom abuse children regularly. They comprise of over 80% of the total population. Only about ten percent of those not related to children perpetuate abuse or neglect (Kufeldt and McKenzie 20-25). Females are also listed as major contributors to maltreated children. They constituted over 60% of the total population while male were merely 50% (National Child Abuse Statistics Web). This is in agreement with the fact that female majority are the primary caregivers. Male are listed as most likely to abuse children physically most to gain sexual favors. Sexual abuse is particularly high in girls than in

Sexual Assault Scenario, which ill attach. The question related to the Essay

Sexual Assault Scenario, which ill attach. The question related to the scenario is Using research evidence, identify and discuss - Essay Example The nurse is frequently one of the first contacts to sexual assault victims after the traumatizing incident. Thus, nurses can be conceived to possess a unique position to recognize, treat, and advocate treatment for victims of rape. In some countries, emergency nurses have an opportunity to access training as a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner normally possesses skills such as history taking (regarding medical and assault), physical examination, forensic evidence collection, specimen collection for serology, toxicology, and microbiology, documentation of findings, prophylactic treatment, reporting requirements, referral sources, advocacy services, crisis intervention, emotional support, informed consent and patient rights, discharge instructions and follow up, and court testimony (O'Brien 532). Rape is broadly a legal term and not a medical term, and the role of the nurse is not to determine whether rape has occurred, as this is the duty of the courts. In any alleged rape scenario, the nurse’s responsibilities encompass the following: (1) documentation of relevant history, (2) vigilant physical examination, (3) prompt interventions and treatment of physical injuries sustained in the ordeal, (4) psychological support and arrangements for future follow-up counselling, (5) gathering of legal evidence, (6) prevention of venereal diseases, and (7) prevention of pregnancy, if the patient so desires (Sommers 270). Nurses have an ethical, moral, and legal obligation to report incidences of abuse. Nurses play a fundamental role in screening for abuse by watching out for the red flags of abuse, especially injuries sustained from a sexual assault. The nurse should take proactive steps to aid the patient (Riviello 22). The nurse has a fundamental role to avail a safe environment for the 19-year old lady, treat the injuries sustained in the course of the rape, examine, listen and document the facts. Immediately on arrival to the health care facility, the nurse should usher the victim to a private, serene, comfortable area. The nurse should first and foremost obtain consent from the patient before beginning history, as well during every phase of the physical examination and collection of evidence (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle and Cheever 1620). The most suitable approach when caring for the rape victim encompass establishing a trusting relationship with the victim; treating all pressing injuries (in this case prioritizing genital trauma in order to stop bleeding), and then documenting a concise, factual, account of the case, inclusive of the patient’s narrative that details the time, location, and nature of the conflict/event and the parties involved in the episode. Being alert is essential in availing intervention for a problem that might, in some instances, go undetected. The nurse should always assure the patient of her safety, and should ensure that the patient has company. It is preferable that a rape crisis counsellor or a social worker be present throughout the examination (Riviello 24). In case such persons are unavailable, the patient can be permitted to have a friend or a relative stay with her. If present, life-threatening injuries (in t

Economics for Business and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics for Business and Management - Essay Example According to Anderton (2000), the consumers are the ones who determine what is to be produced hence determine allocation of resources leading to allocative efficiency. The demand for goods and services by consumers triggers the producers to increase production thus engaging more factors of production in the process. The income earned by the factors determines the amount of consumption by individuals; the more the income, the higher the consumption or demand. At the initial stage, competition by consumers for scarce resources pushes the prices up. The law of supply states that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied thus the producers increase production and get more profit. Since there are no barriers to entry in a free market, more producers may enter the market attracted by the abnormal profits (Griffiths & Wall, 2008). In the long run, supply will increase more than demand and the firms will start competing for the few buyers pushing the prices down. A fall in price means the profits also decline leading to reduction in production by firms and exit from the market by others. An optimum allocation of resources occurs where demand by consumers interacts with supply by producers. The resources are used to produce the goods that are most in demand by consumers hence resources are transferred from one use to another which is more profitable. As such, some people are made well off while others are made worse off. For example, if a firm decides to change the technology used in production it will employ individuals who have such skills and those who don’t possess the required skills are declared redundant and lose their wages. The firm can also use new equipments. High prices make some consumers to afford goods while others cant due to amount of income held by individuals. According to the law of demand, the lower the price the higher the quantity demanded. A reduction in production by producers may force prices up as consumers compete for the goods. The high prices in turn lead to cut in consumption. The producers therefore must innovate ways of producing goods at low cost hence low prices for goods and increased demand. This leads to productive efficiency of the economy (Griffiths & Wall, 2008). Competition by firms leads to innovation as firms try to gain competitive advantage. They thus produce high quality goods to the advantage of consumers. Lipsey & Chrystal (2007) argue that the free market gives better information on changing market conditions thus allowing buyers and sellers to make informed decisions. For example, when prices are low it signals that there is high supply in the market and an incentive for buyers to buy more. High prices indicate scarcity of goods and hence an incentive for sellers to sell more and make profit. High prices also induce firms to employ more factors of production. Due to availability of information, decision makers respond quickly to changes in consumer demand (Vidler & Grant, 2003) . The free market system also allows consumers to have a variety of choices from different firms. Q1 (b): How Market Failure Occurs and how Government can Correct Market Failure Market failure is due to inefficient functioning of the markets. A market should be able to resolve the questions of

Study On Malcolm X Little

Study On Malcolm X Little Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in May 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. His father Earl Little was a Baptist teacher who was very outspoken on the Back to Africa movement. This was a movement of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Malcolms father was murdered in 1937 by white terrorist because of his political and social outspokenness. The death of Earl Little had a severely negative effect on Malcolms childhood and the entire Little family. Malcolms mother went mad under the weight of trying to bring up eight children alone in extreme poverty. His family was broken up and Malcolm went to live in a group foster home. In 1941, he went to live with his half sister in Boston. There he soon entered the fringes of the underworld and at the age of 17, he moved to Harlem where he turned to a life of crime, including drug dealing and armed robbery. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison for armed robbery at the age of 20. In prison, Malcolm found an interest in the Nation of Islam, a Black Nationalist religious movement whose members are known as the Black Muslim. He became and advent follower of the leader of the Nation of Islam; Elijah Muhammad who was a strong advocate of the Black Independent state. His teachings were founded on traditional Islamic teachings, Black Nationalism as taught by Marcus Garvey and self help programmes that catered for the need of African American living in poverty. The nation of Islam declared that the whites were evil by nature and predicted that in the near future a great war would take place and all the whites would be destroyed and black people would rule the world. In preparation for this new world, the Nation of Islam stressed personal self restraint from drugs and alcohol, and organized economic self help enterprises. The nation of Islam recruited among the poorest of urban blacks and in prison which was were Malcolm Little converted to the Islamic faith and joine d the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X became a minster and a recruiter for the Nation of Islam and was appointed chief minster by Elijah Muhammad in 1954. Within five years of joining the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X had become a more prominent spokes person for the Nation of Islam than Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm X was a fundamental figure in his generation fighting against white supremacy against the blacks in America. He believed that the western societies were racist by nature and that African Americans should build their own societies and value systems. His course in life was from oppression and victimization to rebellion and revolutionary independence. His journey was from resistance to an informed radicalism. It was a journey from which he ultimately gathered political and historical insight which, combined with his tools of persuasion and skills at leadership, made him at the time of his death arguably the most dangerous figure in Americas history to confront its ruling class. LEADERSHIP AND ITS THEORIES Leadership is about coping with change. Leaders establish a course of action; develop a vision of the future and align the followers by communicating that vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. Leadership can also be said to be inspiring people to achieving a set of goal or vision. Great leaders have always been associated with certain trait and qualities which differentiate them from followers. The trait theory attempts to identify the characteristics that distinguish leaders from followers by focusing on their personal qualities and characteristics. Such characteristics include charisma or charm, ambition, drive, courage amongst others. These attributes and characteristics have been associated with great leaders from time in history. T Using the Big Five personality theory, the traits of ambition and energy in leaders are part of extroversion which has been identified as the most important trait of effective leaders. However extroversion has been identified as related strongly to leadership emergence rather than leadership effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also are strongly correlated to leadership however not as strong as extroversion. Agreeableness and emotional stability on the other hand were not so strongly correlated with leadership. The Trait Theory suggest that leaders who like being around people and are able to assert themselves, who are disciplined and keep their commitments made, who are creative and flexible are in a better position to be good and effective leaders. Another trait that effective leaders have according to this theory is emotional intelligence. At the core of emotional intelligence is empathy. Empathic leaders can sense others needs, listen to their followers and show empathy to their plight. Malcolm X we have seen and observed that he had basic education because of his race and he was a convicted criminal. However, this did not affect his level of effectiveness as a leader. He was able to transition from a criminal to a spokes man for his people. He exhibited extroversion, conscientiousness, emotional intelligence (empathy) towards to the people and the vision of the group. Upon joining the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X wasnt the most active or longest serving member, he wasnt even high up in the hierarchy of things; however, he distinguished and demonstrated himself as a leader through his discipline, commitment, passion as a follower and his ability to assert himself on the followers of the vision of a Black Nation. These were the qualities that were identified by Elijah Mohammed that led to the selection of Malcolm X as Chief Minister for the Nation of Islam. There were two propositions made by the Ohio State Studies on leadership behaviour which they tagged initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure includes behaviours that attempt to organize work, work relations and goals, providing structure in the organisation. It involves assignment of tasks to members of the group and expects a certain level of performance from followers. Consideration has to do with having job relations characterized by mutual trust, respect for followers feelings. A leader with high consideration is friendly, approachable and concerned with his followers personal problems. In the life of Malcolm X there were characteristics of a leader high in initiating structure in his organization of the fellow members, assigning task to them in their conduct of meetings and mobilization of new members for the nation of Islam. He also showed high levels of consideration as he commanded a lot of respect from members as he was friendly and approachable and had genuine concern for their well being as exemplified in the case of a member being brutalized by the police. Malcolm X mobilized fellow members of the group to the police station and facilitated the release of the member and ensured that he got medical care. This self sacrificial behaviour and concern for the followers attributes to his effectiveness in leadership. Leaders who have certain traits and display consideration and initiate structuring behaviours appear to be more effective. Malcolm X was able to find a balance between getting the job done and looking after the welfare of the members of the Nation of Islam. This is known as transformational leadership. The essence of Transformational Leadership Theory is the transformation of the attitudes, motivations and the behaviours of followers. Transformational leadership tries to raise the consciousness of followers by appealing to their self interest, moral values, mobilizing them to reform the institution they find themselves and in exchange provide benefits for the people by looking after their welfare. Such was the case of Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam with the African Americans that were oppressed in United States. Malcolm X was inspirational and visionary, he was intellectually stimulating, he gave attention, respect and responsibility to his followers. However transformational leadership theory alone cannot be used to explain the leadership style of Malcolm X, a further theory that can be used is the Charismatic Leadership theory. This is often thought of a sibling of transformational leadership or as a component of transformational leadership. This kind of leadership is best suited into political leadership This Leadership theory is based on the perception of the followers that the leader is an exceptional human being. The followers willing to obey their leader, in some cases they idolize their leader and are highly emotionally involved to the mission of the group. However based on Self concept theory, the above are not a necessary condition for Charismatic Leadership Charismatic leadership generates increased self esteem and self worth for the leader, increased self efficacy and collective efficacy of the whole group, identification with the leader and the whole group and the internalization of the values of the leader. Charismatic leadership depends on the whole situation surrounding the leader, the leaders identity, behaviour, the culture, the followers identity and the groups all entwined. Charisma is likely attributed to leaders that have a vision that is highly controversial but for the ultimate benefit of the followers. These leaders must act in unconventional ways in order to impress the followers. This might include risking their lives for the course and vision they have for the people. Charismatic leadership can be used to describe Malcolm X style of leadership because he openly challenged the ruling class and spoke in a manner that was considered a threat to the American society. Malcolm X was self sacrificing and wasnt motivated by financial reward but the vision of the Nation of Islam which was why his followers trusted him because he was committed to the cause. This leadership style of Malcolm X was influenced by his perceived leader Elijah Mohammed who was a very charismatic leader. Malcolm X encounter with Mohammed was such a transformation in his life that he was ready to lay down his life for Mohammed. He was ready to do anything that Mohammed would ask of him. Malcolm X idolized Mohammed and most likely copied his leadership style as he saw Mohammed as a man sent from Allah. This was because Mohammed exuded such strong convictions and self confidence about his vision for the Nation of Islam and his beliefs that there was a deliverance coming to the people. The praise and recognition received by Malcolm X and his rise to fame by being appointed chief minster by Muhammad further built up his self confidence and a deeper obligation to meeting the set standard by Mohammed. Malcolm X was also influenced by him internalizing the new belief of the nation of Islam by adopting the belief of Mohammed and his vision. Another influence on the transformational/charismatic leadership style of Malcolm X was his environment. In his time America was in a crisis; the blacks were in a crisis, having suffered from racism, oppression and victimization from the ruling class. The African Americans were looking for a leader to give them hope of a better tomorrow and Malcolm X provided that hope. This situation of crisis was an influence in the leadership style of Malcolm X. Comparing and contrasting the leadership styles of Malcolm X and West Indian Archie who introduced Malcolm X to the world of drinking, drugs and armed robbery. Archie had a transactional leadership style, where the leader rewards the follower for performance. Such was the relationship between Archie and Malcolm X. This style of leadership is non inspirational, non motivation and commitment and level of trust is low and in some cases non-existent as seen in the movie. Also comparing Malcolm X leadership style and that of Baines, Malcolm X was a more of a transformational /Charismatic leader while Baines was more of a transactional leader, where the leader offers rewards for compliance and performance. Transactional leadership style motivates followers by appealing to the followers self interest and exchange of benefits. This kind of leadership is necessary but not sufficient for the overall performance of the group. Unlike transformational leadership, transactional leadership isnt concerned about the welfare of the followers or their emotion or their needs but rather on getting the job done. In this form of leadership, followers are only rewarded based on their actions, behaviours and compliance with the expectations of the leader. As such the followers are not very committed to the leader and have a lower level of trust for that kind of leader than the transformational /Charismatic leader. The difference in leadership style as well as beliefs and expectations of Malcolm X and Baines might have led to the conflict that arose between Malcolm X and the leaders of the Nation of Islam. The conflict of interest that arose due to the other leaders enriching themselves at the expense of the vision and the followers was a major turn in the life of Malcolm X as well as the rumours of Muhammads extramarital affairs with young secretaries. Such actions were against the teachings of the Nation. Although at first Malcolm X ignored the rumours, but the women started making their accusations public and this was potentially damaging to the Nation of Islam. After several denials, Muhammad later confirmed the rumours and tried to justify his actions by referring to precedents by Biblical prophets. This was a major betrayal for Malcolm X. FOLLOWERS RELATIONSHIP WITH LEADERSHIP Upon release from prison, Malcolm X became a follower, a follower of Elijah Mohammed, a follower of the Nation of Islam. He played a passive role in this leadership followership relationship as well as when he was peddling drugs on the streets of Harlem with West Indian Archie, he was a recipient of leadership from West Indian Archie This role the follower plays can be described as followers as recipients of leadership. This is essentially a linear relationship between the leader and followers. After he was chosen as the chief minister for the nation of Islam, Malcolm x was still a follower of Mohammed, however he had evolved from a follower as a recipient of leadership to being a moderator of leadership. This is based on the situation theory and depends on the level of maturity and needs of the follower amongst other factors. The leader moves from the telling style to the selling style, the participatory style then finally to the delegating style. Malcolm X exhibited high level of maturity, motivation and had an established relationship with Mohammed which made him a moderator of leadership Followers as moderators of leadership suggests that though followers see themselves as passive in the relationship but the influence the leader has maybe moderated by the level of maturity, ability and motivation of the follower. The leader must take on an active role in the leadership process. There are aspects of followers that leaders need to take into account when leading these are: the followers initial attitude towards the leader, the followers acceptance of the leader, the followers need for emotional support and the followers knowledge and congruence of their values with that of the leader. After becoming the chief spokes person for the influence Mohammed had over Malcolm X -his follower was neutralize meaning that the task oriented or relationship oriented activities made no difference to the attitude and behaviour of Malcolm X. Followers as substitute for leadership originates from the substitutes for leadership theory, which argues that under some circumstances, the influence that a leader exacts over his follower may be substituted or neutralized. In the case of substitution, the activities of the leader are not necessary. However this requires the followers to be highly intelligent and very experienced hence might not have need for a leader as was with Malcolm X. The substitute theory deemphasizes the significance of the leader. Followers are also seen as constructors of leadership because if they do not recognize it as leadership then it isnt leadership. There are three theories that identify the construction process. These are the romance of leadership theory; where the identity and influence of the leader depends on the manner in which their followers perceive them, psychoanalytic theories; which identifies that leadership is influenced by the model of leadership exhibited by parents teachers and other adults in the maturation process from child to adulthood in the case of Malcolm X the influence of his father as a human right advocate to his style of leadership, the social identity theory proposes the extent to which a leader is selected by a group will depend on how representative he/she is to that group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Malcolm X was a great person because of his honesty and sacrifice. He was a transformation and charismatic leader that influenced millions in his generation and generations after to stand up for their rights and beliefs and freedom. His words and actions are still celebrated in America even today.

The house of Seven Gables Analysis Essays -- essays research papers

â€Å"The love of money is the root of all evil.† This basic proverb it the foundation that Nathaniel Hawthorne builds upon in The House of Seven Gables. Like all of hawthorns works he exploits the evils of the puritan heart in is 1851 Romantic Fantasy. Hawthorne tells the story of the Pyncheon family’s struggle to overcome the inherrated problem caused by the sins of their ancestors. The Pyncheon family, however, thinks the problems come from an inherrated curse that was placed on the family. The House of Seven Gables shows Hawthorne’s opinion of the puritan heart (Gioia and Kennedy p. 196). He believed that their hearts were full of sin, and that they were blinded by the sin and evil so much that they could not even see that the problem lies with themselves. Hawthorne believed that the inherrated evil of the heart could only be overcome by true love. To understand the family history, you must first meet the family. The Pyncheon family history starts in 1692 with the introduction of Colonel Pyncheon. He was a strict puritan whom everyone thought was a good godly man. However, his heart was greedy and evil. He had a man put to death so that he could gain the man’s property. These sins and evils are passed down through several generations of Pyncheon’s. In some generations the evil is stronger or weaker. The traits are passed until the later 1900’s to an elderly woman named Hephzibah Pyncheon. Hephzibah, the great grand niece of the Colonel, did not inherit all of his evil traits. Her heart was not greedy or full of hate, but she feels that she is better that everyone else because she is a Pyncheon. By the time the novel focuses on her however, she is nearly seventy and she realizes that she must open up a penny shop to survive. Hephzibah’s brother, Clifford, lives with her in the house of the seven gable s. Clifford is an emotional man who has spent most of his life in prison for the murder of one of his uncles. Clifford, however is the only male Pyncheon who is not full of hate, he killed his uncle to stop his uncle from killing others. Clifford and Hephzibah live in the house and are occasionally visited by their cousin, Phoebe Pyncheon. Because Phoebe moved from another town, she is unaware of the supposed curse and the inherrated evil that is supposed to dwell in her. Phoebe is perfect in every way. She is beautiful, happy, and she has a good heart. She is ... ...razy and others to become more powerful or richer to cover the feeling of grief (Anthony Trollope p 308). The ghost is also the on who resolves the conflict. Once the Pyncheon’s realize that all they have to do is confess their sins and come to terms with themselves and the Mauls then the conflict will end, and they will live happily ever after. The novel as a whole was excellent. The plot and the theme were excellent, and the novel should be converted into a movie because it has all of the things a good thriller and horror movie should have. The only drawback was the language and the style in which it was written. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a master of words and the human language, but describing a half-dead chicken does not need a two-page description. If someone could re-write the novel in today’s English, without loosing the quality of work, this could easily be the best novel ever. The theme of the novel is perfect for Hawthorne as well as everyone in every time period. It describes Hawthorne’s views as puritans as evil hypocrites, as well as showing every generation that just because you inherrated a bad family, it doesn’t mean you have to relieve the inherrated experience.